ULANGAN HARIAN BAHASA INGGRIS
SMP N 2 BAMBANGLIPURO
TAHUN PELAJARAN 2009- 2010
Kelas : IX ( Sembilan )
Hari / Tanggal : Kamis, 10 September 2009
Waktu : 14.00 – 16.00
I.Answer the questions by choosing the correct alternative!
ARTICLES ARE CONSIDERED SOLD
IF YOU BROKE THEM
1. Which of the following sentences best explains the above sign?
a. The shop sells special broken articles
b. You don’t have to buy the articles that are broken
c. In this section you will only find broken articles
d. If you break any of the articles, you should pay for it.
2. Mrs. Rina : What a comfortable bus is it!
Mrs.Linda : That’s right. It is an executive bus. So that’s why we have to pay more for this.
The underline utterance expresses ……………
a. disappointment c. exclamation
b. disagreement d. agreement
3. Dona : I think I have to buy a new calculator.
Tina : Yes, you’re right. The old one is out of order.
The underline word express ………………..
a. certainty c. agreement
b. uncertainty d. disagreement
4. Winda : Next Sunday, we will have a holiday, won’t we?
What about going to Mount Bromo?
Melan : …………because the air is too cold there. I am sure we can not stand it.
a. I agree with you c. That’s a good idea
b. I disagree with you d. There is no doubt about it.
5. Lena : Can you tell me about the sea?
Ina : The sea is ………..than a lake, but the ocean is …….
a. more big-the biggest c. more large-the most large
b. larger-the largest d. bigger-the most biggest
6. Wida : Next Saturday, we will be invited to come to Maya’s birthday party.
What about going there together by my motorcycle?
Yadi : ……………..That’s good idea, my own motorcycle was broken.
a. I agree with you. c. I’m not sure about it
b. I don’t agree with you d. I doubt
7. Rona : Hi, James. I heard that your sister gave birth to a son.
………………………….
James : Three and a half kilos.
Rona : Really? He must be a healthy baby?
a. How much does he weight c. How old is he?
b. How cute is he? d. How tall is he?
8. How much water do we need?
a. 3 cups c. 8 cups
b. 5 cups d. 16 cups
9. Lala : I think Jessica will learn from what she has done.
Brian : That’s wrong. She never learn from her experience.
Lala : But at least, we have a good hope for her.
Brian : Alright.
The bold typed expression is used to show………
a. certainty c. uncertainty
b. disagreement d. agreement
10. Study this notice!
What does the notice mean?
a. We can go to the pool before lunch time
b. You cannot swim here
c. Children should be under adults’ supervision
d. Children get 40% off than the adult
11. Read the following label.
How should the chicken nuggets be kept?
a. In the box c. In the room
b. In the oven d. In the freezer
12. Where would you likely find the caution above?
a. On a pack of cigarette c. On a box of drugs
b. On a pack of coffee d. On a box of cereal
13. What does the caution on right side mean?
a. The machine orders people to get out.
b. The machine cannot work properly.
c. The machine is in good condition
d. The machine is well-ordered.
14. Anas : My grandma is seriously ill. She is in a hospital now.
Beta :……………………………
Anas : So I cannot come to the meeting this evening.
Beta : Never mind.
a. Congratulation! c. I am sorry to hear that.
b. She is ready to see us. d. We are glad to know that.
15. Berlian : What do you think of my new dress?
Intan : …………………….
Berlian : Thanks.
a. Is it new? c. It is a good idea.
b. Is it a nice dress? d. What a nice dress!
16. Susan : …………do you write a letter to your uncle, Sus?
Susi : I usually write it once a month.
a. How much c. How old
b. How long d. How often
17. Schedule.
Dance Ticket Price Time
Balet Rp. 2.500 19.00
Jaipong Rp. 1.000 19.30
Serimpi Rp. 1.250 17.00
Pendet Rp. 2.000 20.00
I want to buy the Pendet Ticket although ……….
a. It is cheaper than other c. It’s shows time earliest
b. Its performance is the latest d. It is the most expensive
18. Mr. Budiman has three children: Eka is twelve years old, Tuti is ten and Ari is eight.
From the statement, we know that……………..
a. Eka is the eldest of all c. Tuti is younger than Ari
b. Eka is younger than Tuti d. Ari is elder than Tuti
Text 1
Once there lived a widow and her son on the west coast of Minangkabau. She was very poor. They got their food by selling branches of wood gathered by her son, Malin Kundang, from the forest.
Everyday when his mother went to the market, he went to coast because he wanted to become a captain of a big ship.
One day, when he was a young man, a ship came into the coast, he ran the ship. When the captain saw Malin, he called him. ”Come here, boy”.” Do you like to work in my ship?” Of course, he liked it very much. His mother was very sad because her only son didn’t go home.
Time passed by, a big ship came into the coast. How surprised the widow was when she knew that the captain of the ship was her son.
She rushed to the harbor, crying,”Malin,Malin Kundang, my son”. When she came near Malin, he ordered his men to stop her.Malin was very ashamed because of his mother wore bad clothes. He pretended not to recognize his mother.
The ship left the harbor. Her mother was very angry with her son. “God will punish you, Malin”.”The sea will swallow you”. Then a great storm came and Malin sank down with her ship.
19. Which statement is not true according to the text?
a. Malin is a loyal son c. Malin sinned against her mother
b. Malin is a captain of a big ship d. Malin was from west Sumatra
20. Why did Malin Kundang sink down? Because ……….
a. Malin’s ship was very big
b. Malin’s ship came to the coast
c. His mother wore bad and poor clothes
d.His mother prayed to God to punish him with a great storm and her prayer was answered by God
21. What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph?
a. The widow was very surprised to know that the captain of the ship was her son
b. Time passed by
c. A big ship came into the coast
d. She rushed to the harbor, crying,”Malin,my son”.
22. “ The sea will swallow you” ( the last paragraph ).What does the word
“you” refer to?
a. a great storm c. Malin Kundang
b. Malin’s ship d. his mother
23. What does the text above tell about?
a. Malin’s ship c. Malin was a poor man who lived with his mother
b. Malin was a captain d. Malin was a son who sinned against his mother
24. What kind of the text is it?
a. Report c. Descriptive
b. Narrative d. Recount
25. 1. Yes, sir. Have you got an account with this bank?
2. Good morning. I’d like to transfer one million rupiahs to my daughter in Bali
3. Good morning, sir. What can I do for you?
4. Yes, here’s my cheque book
The correct order of the dialogue is ……………
a. 2 – 4 – 1 – 3 c. 3 – 4 – 2 – 1
b. 2 – 3 – 1 – 4 d. 3 – 2 – 1 – 4
26. 1. Dial the number
2. Get the phone from the hook
3. Listen to the tone
4. Talk politely
The correct order to use the phone is ………
a. 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 c. 2 – 3 – 1– 4
b. 2 – 1 – 3 – 4 d. 3 –1 – 4 – 2
27. Arrange these sentences to make a coherent paragraph!
1. Some of the places where they live are Africa, South America and Australia.
2. They hunt mammals and birds which come to the river to drink.
3. Crocodiles are the largest and the most dangerous reptiles.
4. They can attack people.
5. They have large mouths and many sharp teeth.
6. They live in rivers.
a. 3 – 6 – 1 – 5 – 2 – 4 c. 5 – 1 – 3 – 2 – 4 – 6
b. 4 – 1 – 3 – 2 – 5 – 6 d. 6 – 3 – 2 – 4 – 1 – 5
28. The – national – reserve – is – largest – Indonesia – in – Mount Leuser – park – nature.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The best arrangement is …………..
a. 1,2,3,7,6,4,8,10,5,9 c. 1,2,3,7,6,4,5,10,9,8
b. 8,9,4,1,5,10,3,7,6,2 d. 8,2,9,4,1,5,10,3,7,6
29. 1. Organic mineral are oil and coal
2. Indonesia is very rich in its natural resources
3. They stretch most of all over Indonesia
4. They are organic, unorganic and other mineral
The best arrangement for the jumbled sentences above is …..
a. 2,3,4,1 c. 2, 3, 1, 4
b. 3,4,1,2 d. 2, 4, 1, 3
30. Arrange these jumbled sentences “how to have a phone call “
1.Dial the phone number including the area code
2.End the call by pressing the end key
3.Press the key call
4.Press the scroll key to increase the volume
5.Wait for the answer
a. 1, 4, 3, 5, 2 c. 3, 4, 1, 5, 2
b. 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 d. 3, 1, 5, 4, 2
II. ESSAY.
Untuk soal nomor 1 s/d no.3, jawablah dengan jelas dan tepat!
1. Arrange these sentences into a good paragraph( Bobot Nilai 3 )
A. She was pretty, loving and clever but she was very poor.
B. Then Cinderella became a princess
C. Fortunately, she met a prince, and he fell in love with her
D. Once upon a time ,there was a little girl called Cinderella
E. She lived with her step mother and step sisters who were very unkind
2. How to send an SMS? ( Bobot Nilai 5 )
First : ……………………..
Second : ……………………..
Then : ……………………..
After that : ……………………..
Finally : ……………………..
3. Complete the sentence with suitable words! ( Bobot Nilai 2 )
Giraffe is a strong animal, but horse is …………….( 4 ) than the giraffe and the elephant is the ……..… (5 ) among those animals.
All’s well that ends well
Mr.Joko Sulistya, M.Pd
KUNCI JAWABAN ULANGAN HARIAN 1 PAKET A
1. D 11. D 21. A
2. C 12. C 22. C
3. C 13. B 23. D
4. B 14. C 24. B
5. B 15. D 25. D
6. A 16. D 26. B
7. A 17. B 27. A
8. C 18. A 28. D
9. B 19. A 29. A
10. D 20. D 30. B
Jumat, 05 Maret 2010
HOW TO MAKE ICE CREAM
Materials :
Some strawberry
9 table spoon sugar
2 glass plain water
Some ice
Steps :
First, cut the strawberries into two parts or what ever you want
Then make a liquid with water and sugar before
o Prepare a glass of water
o Pour some sugar into the glass and then stir it
o A liquid of sugar and water is ready to use
Before make strawberry juice, prepare the blender and make sure its switch is on
After that everything is ready, pour the liquid of water and sugar into the blender
Then pour same strawberries into the blender(as you like)and the ices
Press the on button to switch it on
Wait for a minutes
Then press the off button to switch it off
Open the blender’s cup and then pour the strawberry juice into the glass.(before, you have prepared the glass)
To make your juice more beautiful, put some strawberry on the lips of glass and put straw
Your nice strawberry juice is ready to drink
Sukses Ujian Tanpa Stres | Resensi Buku Baru
December 17th, 2009
Judul Buku : Sukses Ujian Tanpa Stres
Penulis : Dr Eva J Hoffman
Penerbit : Gagas Media
Tebal : 112 Halaman
Terbit : Desember 2009
Cara Asyik Sukses Ujian Tanpa Stres
KETEGANGAN menghadapi ujian sekolah atau semesteran bisa dialami siapa saja. Siswa sekolah dan mahasiswa pasti bakal pusing, bahkan bisa mengalami stres kalau tidak mempersiapkan diri sebaik mungkin. Apalagi mata pelajaran yang diujikan tergolong sulit.
Bukan hanya siswa yang pusing menjelang ujian, orangtua yang anaknya akan menghadapi ujian pun bisa jadi ikut tegang. Mereka pasti cemas kalau anaknya tidak bisa melalui ujian dengan baik. Apalagi ujian tersebut bakal menentukan masa depan anaknya.
Ketegangan yang berlebihan bisa menimbulkan depresi bagi siswa sehingga mengganggu konsentrasi dan kesehatannya. Tak jarang siswa yang mengalami depresi akut sampai harus menjalani perawatan di rumah sakit. Padahal hakikatnya ujian tidak menjadi berharga bila sampai menimbulkan kerusakan.
Pengalaman bertahun-tahun menjadi pengajar dan sering menyaksikan banyak siswa yang sakit, putus sekolah, bahkan bunuh diri karena tekanan berat menghadapi ujian, membuat Dr Eva J Hoffman mencari solusi memberikan pendekatan yang ramah dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar, termasuk menghadapi ujian. Solusi tersebut dituangkan dalam buku berjudul Sukses Ujian Tanpa Stres (Stres-Free Exams) yang diterbitkan Gagas Media.
Buku mungil yang setebal 127 halaman ini menyajikan cara sederhana untuk menghilangkan stres saat menghadapi ujian. Dan, tak ketinggalan memberikan trik menarik untuk memaksimalkan potensi otak serta melatih ingatan.
Dengan bahasa yang lugas dan disertai ilustrasi menarik, membuat kita mudah memahami isinya secara cepat. Bahkan dalam waktu 30 menit sampai 1 jam kita bisa menyelesaikan membaca dan langsung mempraktikkannya. Isinya yang menarik tak akan membebani siswa yang akan menghadapi ujian, sebaliknya menambah motivasi untuk lebih percaya diri saat ujian.
Para orangtua pun bisa membaca buku ini untuk membantu anaknya yang akan menghadapi ujian. Sebab, buku ini begitu ringkas dan berisi enam bagian utama, yaitu Memaksimalkan Potensi Otak, Trik Mengingat, Belajar Efektif, Percaya Bahwa Kamu Bisa dan Mampu Meraihnya, Menghilangkan Rasa Stres, dan Melihat Semua dengan Obyektif.
Informasi dan fakta menarik tentang cara belajar dan depresi disajikan dengan gambang. Misalnya, otak bila dijejali informasi secara deras dalam waktu singkat membuatnya tak bekerja optimal. Begitu juga ketika ketegangan mendera, ternyata mengganggu kinerja otak. Akibatnya, saat ujian otak kita seakan tak mampu mengingat apa pun.
Dr Eva J Hoffman yang berasal dari Inggris dan pernah menerima Family Learning Millenium Award 1999 ini, dalam bukunya memperkenalkan metode Visual Mapping ketika mengulang materi pelajaran. Metode ini mempermudah dan membantu daya ingat saat menghadapi ujian. Buku ini memberikan informasi yang praktis dan menginspirasi cara belajar yang efektif dan meredam stres, sehingga meraih sukses saat ujian. (wasis wibowo)
December 17th, 2009
Judul Buku : Sukses Ujian Tanpa Stres
Penulis : Dr Eva J Hoffman
Penerbit : Gagas Media
Tebal : 112 Halaman
Terbit : Desember 2009
Cara Asyik Sukses Ujian Tanpa Stres
KETEGANGAN menghadapi ujian sekolah atau semesteran bisa dialami siapa saja. Siswa sekolah dan mahasiswa pasti bakal pusing, bahkan bisa mengalami stres kalau tidak mempersiapkan diri sebaik mungkin. Apalagi mata pelajaran yang diujikan tergolong sulit.
Bukan hanya siswa yang pusing menjelang ujian, orangtua yang anaknya akan menghadapi ujian pun bisa jadi ikut tegang. Mereka pasti cemas kalau anaknya tidak bisa melalui ujian dengan baik. Apalagi ujian tersebut bakal menentukan masa depan anaknya.
Ketegangan yang berlebihan bisa menimbulkan depresi bagi siswa sehingga mengganggu konsentrasi dan kesehatannya. Tak jarang siswa yang mengalami depresi akut sampai harus menjalani perawatan di rumah sakit. Padahal hakikatnya ujian tidak menjadi berharga bila sampai menimbulkan kerusakan.
Pengalaman bertahun-tahun menjadi pengajar dan sering menyaksikan banyak siswa yang sakit, putus sekolah, bahkan bunuh diri karena tekanan berat menghadapi ujian, membuat Dr Eva J Hoffman mencari solusi memberikan pendekatan yang ramah dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar, termasuk menghadapi ujian. Solusi tersebut dituangkan dalam buku berjudul Sukses Ujian Tanpa Stres (Stres-Free Exams) yang diterbitkan Gagas Media.
Buku mungil yang setebal 127 halaman ini menyajikan cara sederhana untuk menghilangkan stres saat menghadapi ujian. Dan, tak ketinggalan memberikan trik menarik untuk memaksimalkan potensi otak serta melatih ingatan.
Dengan bahasa yang lugas dan disertai ilustrasi menarik, membuat kita mudah memahami isinya secara cepat. Bahkan dalam waktu 30 menit sampai 1 jam kita bisa menyelesaikan membaca dan langsung mempraktikkannya. Isinya yang menarik tak akan membebani siswa yang akan menghadapi ujian, sebaliknya menambah motivasi untuk lebih percaya diri saat ujian.
Para orangtua pun bisa membaca buku ini untuk membantu anaknya yang akan menghadapi ujian. Sebab, buku ini begitu ringkas dan berisi enam bagian utama, yaitu Memaksimalkan Potensi Otak, Trik Mengingat, Belajar Efektif, Percaya Bahwa Kamu Bisa dan Mampu Meraihnya, Menghilangkan Rasa Stres, dan Melihat Semua dengan Obyektif.
Informasi dan fakta menarik tentang cara belajar dan depresi disajikan dengan gambang. Misalnya, otak bila dijejali informasi secara deras dalam waktu singkat membuatnya tak bekerja optimal. Begitu juga ketika ketegangan mendera, ternyata mengganggu kinerja otak. Akibatnya, saat ujian otak kita seakan tak mampu mengingat apa pun.
Dr Eva J Hoffman yang berasal dari Inggris dan pernah menerima Family Learning Millenium Award 1999 ini, dalam bukunya memperkenalkan metode Visual Mapping ketika mengulang materi pelajaran. Metode ini mempermudah dan membantu daya ingat saat menghadapi ujian. Buku ini memberikan informasi yang praktis dan menginspirasi cara belajar yang efektif dan meredam stres, sehingga meraih sukses saat ujian. (wasis wibowo)
Damarwulan is is a prince by birth, a nephew of the prime minister, Patih Logender, but was raised in the hermitage of his grandfather. Following his grandfather’s advice, he goes to the Majapahit court seeking employment. His cousins, the prime minister’s sons, mistreat him when he arrives. Patih Logender, not wanting him to compete with his own sons, assigns him as grass-cutter and stableboy. Though he is stripped of his fine garments, he still has his striking beauty. Rumors of this beauty eventually reach Anjasmara, the prime minister’s daughter. She seeks him out secretly and they fall in love and are clandestinely married. One night, Anjasmara’s brothers overhear voices in her chamber.
They break in and try to kill Damarwulan, but he is able to overcome them. They flee to their father, who orders that Damarwulan be executed. Anjasmara pleas for her lover, and he doesn’t execute Damarwulan, but imprisons the pair. Meanwhile, Menak Jingga has wrote a letter to the queen asking for her hand. When the queen rejects him, he declares war on the Majapahit kingdom. He is successful in dispatching Majapahit’s allies, and finally the kingdom is threatened by his forces directly. In distress, the queen announces that whoever kills Menak Jingga and brings her his head can have her hand. Worried when no saviors present themselves, she has a divine revelation that a young knight named Damarwulan can overcome him. She orders Patih Logender to release him from jail and send him forth on his mission. Damarwulan, accompanied by his servants, makes his way to Blambangan. Arriving at night, he steals into the gardens and manages to overhear a conversation at the pavilion between two resentful captive princesses. Damarwulan enters the pavilion and confides in them, and, enraptured by his beauty, they become devoted to him. At this time, Menak Jingga decides to visit the princesses, and discovers Damarwulan. They fight, but Damarwulan is unable to hurt Menak Jingga, and, severely wounded, appears to die. Menak Jingga leaves, ordering his servants to guard the body. However, they fall asleep, and the two princesses carry him away, revive him, and explain to the secret of Menak Jingga’s magic invulnerability, a club of yellow iron kept behind his headrest. If the king is hit on his left temple with this club, he will die. Risking their lives for the sake of their lover, the princesses manage to steal the club while the king is asleep. A second battle between Menak Jingga and Damarwulan follows, in which Damarwulan manages to behead the king. Successful, he returns to Majapahit, but the prime minister’s sons ambush him outside the palace, killing him and presenting Menak Jingga’s head to the queen. However, a hermit revives Damarwulan, and the queen learns what happened. In a final battle, Damarwulan defeats his cousins, is crowned King of Majapahit, and is permitted to retain Anjasmara as his other wife.
They break in and try to kill Damarwulan, but he is able to overcome them. They flee to their father, who orders that Damarwulan be executed. Anjasmara pleas for her lover, and he doesn’t execute Damarwulan, but imprisons the pair. Meanwhile, Menak Jingga has wrote a letter to the queen asking for her hand. When the queen rejects him, he declares war on the Majapahit kingdom. He is successful in dispatching Majapahit’s allies, and finally the kingdom is threatened by his forces directly. In distress, the queen announces that whoever kills Menak Jingga and brings her his head can have her hand. Worried when no saviors present themselves, she has a divine revelation that a young knight named Damarwulan can overcome him. She orders Patih Logender to release him from jail and send him forth on his mission. Damarwulan, accompanied by his servants, makes his way to Blambangan. Arriving at night, he steals into the gardens and manages to overhear a conversation at the pavilion between two resentful captive princesses. Damarwulan enters the pavilion and confides in them, and, enraptured by his beauty, they become devoted to him. At this time, Menak Jingga decides to visit the princesses, and discovers Damarwulan. They fight, but Damarwulan is unable to hurt Menak Jingga, and, severely wounded, appears to die. Menak Jingga leaves, ordering his servants to guard the body. However, they fall asleep, and the two princesses carry him away, revive him, and explain to the secret of Menak Jingga’s magic invulnerability, a club of yellow iron kept behind his headrest. If the king is hit on his left temple with this club, he will die. Risking their lives for the sake of their lover, the princesses manage to steal the club while the king is asleep. A second battle between Menak Jingga and Damarwulan follows, in which Damarwulan manages to behead the king. Successful, he returns to Majapahit, but the prime minister’s sons ambush him outside the palace, killing him and presenting Menak Jingga’s head to the queen. However, a hermit revives Damarwulan, and the queen learns what happened. In a final battle, Damarwulan defeats his cousins, is crowned King of Majapahit, and is permitted to retain Anjasmara as his other wife.
Global Warming
February 11 , 2010
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) between the start and the end of the 20th century.[2][A] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century was caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation.[2] The IPCC also concludes that variations in natural phenomena such as solar radiation and volcanism had a small cooling effect after 1950.[3][4] These basic conclusions have been endorsed by more than 40 scientific societies and academies of science,[B] including all of the national academies of science of the major industrialized countries.[5]
Climate model projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the 21st century.[2] The uncertainty in this estimate arises from the use of models with differing sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations and the use of differing estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Most studies focus on the period up to the year 2100. However, warming is expected to continue beyond 2100 even if emissions stop, because of the large heat capacity of the oceans and the long lifetime of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.[6][7]
An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, probably including expansion of subtropical deserts.[8] Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic and would be associated with continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely effects include increases in the intensity of extreme weather events, species extinctions, and changes in agricultural yields. Warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe, though the nature of these regional variations are uncertain.
Political and public debate continues regarding global warming, and what actions (if any) to take in response. The available options are mitigation to reduce further emissions; adaptation to reduce the damage caused by warming; and, more speculatively, geoengineering to reverse global warming. Most national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
06.30 p.m.
Pemanasan Global
11 Februari 2010
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Pemanasan global atau Global Warming adalah adanya proses peningkatan suhu rata-rata atmosfer, laut, dan daratan Bumi.
Suhu rata-rata global pada permukaan Bumi telah meningkat 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) selama seratus tahun terakhir. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) menyimpulkan bahwa, "sebagian besar peningkatan suhu rata-rata global sejak pertengahan abad ke-20 kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh meningkatnya konsentrasi gas-gas rumah kaca akibat aktivitas manusia"[1] melalui efek rumah kaca. Kesimpulan dasar ini telah dikemukakan oleh setidaknya 30 badan ilmiah dan akademik, termasuk semua akademi sains nasional dari negara-negara G8. Akan tetapi, masih terdapat beberapa ilmuwan yang tidak setuju dengan beberapa kesimpulan yang dikemukakan IPCC tersebut.
Model iklim yang dijadikan acuan oleh projek IPCC menunjukkan suhu permukaan global akan meningkat 1.1 hingga 6.4 °C (2.0 hingga 11.5 °F) antara tahun 1990 dan 2100.[1] Perbedaan angka perkiraan itu disebabkan oleh penggunaan skenario-skenario berbeda mengenai emisi gas-gas rumah kaca di masa mendatang, serta model-model sensitivitas iklim yang berbeda. Walaupun sebagian besar penelitian terfokus pada periode hingga 2100, pemanasan dan kenaikan muka air laut diperkirakan akan terus berlanjut selama lebih dari seribu tahun walaupun tingkat emisi gas rumah kaca telah stabil.[1] Ini mencerminkan besarnya kapasitas panas dari lautan.
Meningkatnya suhu global diperkirakan akan menyebabkan perubahan-perubahan yang lain seperti naiknya permukaan air laut, meningkatnya intensitas fenomena cuaca yang ekstrim,[2] serta perubahan jumlah dan pola presipitasi. Akibat-akibat pemanasan global yang lain adalah terpengaruhnya hasil pertanian, hilangnya gletser, dan punahnya berbagai jenis hewan.
Beberapa hal-hal yang masih diragukan para ilmuwan adalah mengenai jumlah pemanasan yang diperkirakan akan terjadi di masa depan, dan bagaimana pemanasan serta perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi tersebut akan bervariasi dari satu daerah ke daerah yang lain. Hingga saat ini masih terjadi perdebatan politik dan publik di dunia mengenai apa, jika ada, tindakan yang harus dilakukan untuk mengurangi atau membalikkan pemanasan lebih lanjut atau untuk beradaptasi terhadap konsekuensi-konsekuensi yang ada. Sebagian besar pemerintahan negara-negara di dunia telah menandatangani dan meratifikasi Protokol Kyoto, yang mengarah pada pengurangan emisi gas-gas rumah kaca.
February 11 , 2010
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) between the start and the end of the 20th century.[2][A] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century was caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation.[2] The IPCC also concludes that variations in natural phenomena such as solar radiation and volcanism had a small cooling effect after 1950.[3][4] These basic conclusions have been endorsed by more than 40 scientific societies and academies of science,[B] including all of the national academies of science of the major industrialized countries.[5]
Climate model projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the 21st century.[2] The uncertainty in this estimate arises from the use of models with differing sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations and the use of differing estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Most studies focus on the period up to the year 2100. However, warming is expected to continue beyond 2100 even if emissions stop, because of the large heat capacity of the oceans and the long lifetime of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.[6][7]
An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, probably including expansion of subtropical deserts.[8] Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic and would be associated with continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely effects include increases in the intensity of extreme weather events, species extinctions, and changes in agricultural yields. Warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe, though the nature of these regional variations are uncertain.
Political and public debate continues regarding global warming, and what actions (if any) to take in response. The available options are mitigation to reduce further emissions; adaptation to reduce the damage caused by warming; and, more speculatively, geoengineering to reverse global warming. Most national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
06.30 p.m.
Pemanasan Global
11 Februari 2010
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Pemanasan global atau Global Warming adalah adanya proses peningkatan suhu rata-rata atmosfer, laut, dan daratan Bumi.
Suhu rata-rata global pada permukaan Bumi telah meningkat 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) selama seratus tahun terakhir. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) menyimpulkan bahwa, "sebagian besar peningkatan suhu rata-rata global sejak pertengahan abad ke-20 kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh meningkatnya konsentrasi gas-gas rumah kaca akibat aktivitas manusia"[1] melalui efek rumah kaca. Kesimpulan dasar ini telah dikemukakan oleh setidaknya 30 badan ilmiah dan akademik, termasuk semua akademi sains nasional dari negara-negara G8. Akan tetapi, masih terdapat beberapa ilmuwan yang tidak setuju dengan beberapa kesimpulan yang dikemukakan IPCC tersebut.
Model iklim yang dijadikan acuan oleh projek IPCC menunjukkan suhu permukaan global akan meningkat 1.1 hingga 6.4 °C (2.0 hingga 11.5 °F) antara tahun 1990 dan 2100.[1] Perbedaan angka perkiraan itu disebabkan oleh penggunaan skenario-skenario berbeda mengenai emisi gas-gas rumah kaca di masa mendatang, serta model-model sensitivitas iklim yang berbeda. Walaupun sebagian besar penelitian terfokus pada periode hingga 2100, pemanasan dan kenaikan muka air laut diperkirakan akan terus berlanjut selama lebih dari seribu tahun walaupun tingkat emisi gas rumah kaca telah stabil.[1] Ini mencerminkan besarnya kapasitas panas dari lautan.
Meningkatnya suhu global diperkirakan akan menyebabkan perubahan-perubahan yang lain seperti naiknya permukaan air laut, meningkatnya intensitas fenomena cuaca yang ekstrim,[2] serta perubahan jumlah dan pola presipitasi. Akibat-akibat pemanasan global yang lain adalah terpengaruhnya hasil pertanian, hilangnya gletser, dan punahnya berbagai jenis hewan.
Beberapa hal-hal yang masih diragukan para ilmuwan adalah mengenai jumlah pemanasan yang diperkirakan akan terjadi di masa depan, dan bagaimana pemanasan serta perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi tersebut akan bervariasi dari satu daerah ke daerah yang lain. Hingga saat ini masih terjadi perdebatan politik dan publik di dunia mengenai apa, jika ada, tindakan yang harus dilakukan untuk mengurangi atau membalikkan pemanasan lebih lanjut atau untuk beradaptasi terhadap konsekuensi-konsekuensi yang ada. Sebagian besar pemerintahan negara-negara di dunia telah menandatangani dan meratifikasi Protokol Kyoto, yang mengarah pada pengurangan emisi gas-gas rumah kaca.
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